Enfermedades desatendidas y contexto de pandemia: Dengue, rabia y Chagas entre las más destacadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud

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Más de 1.000 millones de personas son afectadas en los países más pobres del mundo por estas enfermedades

Por Lautaro Korob

Más de mil millones de personas sufren en el mundo, al menos una de estas tres enfermedades desatendidas u olvidadas, que se concentran sobre todo en África y América Latina. Las claves por las que se podrían evitar son varias, y por este motivo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), propuso conmemorar cada 30 de enero como el Día Mundial de las Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas.

Una sexta parte de la población mundial, sufren al menos una de estas enfermedades, las cuales ocurren en países y territorios cuyas economías se encuentran entre aquellas de ingresos bajos o medios-bajos.

En este contexto, cada 30 de enero se conmemora el Día Mundial de las Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas con el objetivo de crear conciencia sobre este grupo de padecimientos. Las enfermedades desatendidas son un conjunto de enfermedades infecciosas, muchas de ellas parasitarias, que afectan a las poblaciones que viven en condiciones socioeconómicas de pobreza y que tienen problemas de acceso a los servicios de salud.

Afectan a 1.600 millones de personas, son enfermedades curables y más aún evitables. No hacerlo expone a estas poblaciones a aumentar su oportunidad de incidencia, algo que dista mucho de cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible propuestos por la OMS. En el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 que estamos viviendo, con el colapso del sistema de salud en el mundo, donde se incrementa la dificultad de atención de las enfermedades normalmente más atendidas, imaginemos el riesgo en que se encuentran entonces las personas afectadas por este tipo de eventos.

Según establece la OMS, la mayoría son enfermedades parasitarias transmitidas por insectos, como mosquitos, simúlidos, flebótomos, la mosca tsetsé, la vinchuca y las llamadas moscas de suciedad. Otras se propagan por el agua contaminada y el suelo infestado por huevos de gusanos.

Lo cierto es que estas enfermedades predominan en climas tropicales y húmedos, son crónicas y tienen efectos perdurables en la salud de las personas. En su mayoría, reciben poca atención y se ven postergadas en las prioridades de políticas de salud pública, sumado a la inexistencia de estadísticas fiables que también han dificultado los esfuerzos por darlas a conocer. La desatención también se produce en el nivel de la investigación y el desarrollo.

De este modo, los ciclos de transmisión se perpetúan por efecto de la contaminación ambiental, y esta se ve perpetuada a su vez por las malas condiciones de vida y de higiene. Por este motivo, trabajar cada día para hacerle frente a las enfermedades desatendidas, por numerosas razones. Es la propuesta que llevan adelante numerosos científicos, funcionarios, profesionales y técnicos nacionales e internacionales todos los años desde 1997.

Entre esas enfermedades, la OMS destaca: el dengue, la rabia, el tracoma causante de ceguera, la úlcera de Buruli, las treponematosis endémicas (pian), la lepra (enfermedad de Hansen), la enfermedad de Chagas, la tripanosomiasis africana humana (enfermedad del sueño), la leishmaniasis, la cisticercosis, la dracunculosis (enfermedad del gusano de Guinea), la equinococosis, las infecciones por trematodos transmitidas por los alimentos,la filariasis linfática, la oncocercosis (ceguera de los ríos), la esquistosomiasis (bilharziasis) y las helmintiasis transmitidas por el suelo (gusanos intestinales).

El rol de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en este contexto es esencial y su hoja de ruta para la próxima década se encuadra en el fortalecimiento del sistema de salud y en la colaboración.
Según la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), la prevención y el control de estas enfermedades relacionadas con la pobreza requiere un abordaje integrado, con acciones multisectoriales, iniciativas combinadas e intervenciones costo efectivas para reducir el impacto negativo sobre la salud y el bienestar social y económico de los pueblos de las Américas. Tratemos de trabajar en conjunto para ser una provincia más segura para el desarrollo de nuestros jóvenes, niños y adultos.

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