Viruela del mono: la OMS declara la emergencia sanitaria internacional por el brote

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Hay cerca de 17 mil casos, cinco de ellos mortales, en 74 países. En Argentina, hubo 13 contagiados. Piden aumentar las medidas preventivas.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró este sábado la emergencia internacional por el actual brote de viruela del mono, después de que se hayan declarado ya unos 17.000 casos -cinco de ellos mortales- en 74 países, muchos de ellos en Europa, donde la enfermedad no era endémica.

La decisión fue anunciada en conferencia de prensa por el director general de la OMS, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, dos días después de que un comité de emergencia con expertos en esta enfermedad se reuniera para analizar la posible declaración, que obligará a las redes sanitarias nacionales a aumentar sus medidas preventivas.

Este comité había optado por no declarar la emergencia en una primera reunión celebrada en junio cuando los casos eran 3.000.

En esta ocasión, según Tedros, tampoco hubo consenso total entre los expertos, pero el director general decidió declarar la emergencia en vista del alto y creciente número de casos en diversas regiones de todo el planeta.

Hasta el momento, Argentina registra 13 infectados, de los cuales 12 presentaron antecedentes de viaje previo al inicio de los síntomas.

Todos los casos corresponden al sexto masculino. La Ciudad de Buenos Aires registra cinco contagios confirmados de viruela símica; la provincia de Buenos Aires, 4; Córdoba, 3; y Mendoza, 1.

Desde principios de mayo, cuando se detectó por primera vez fuera de los países africanos donde es endémica, la enfermedad afectó a más de 16.836 personas en 74 países, según los centros para el control y la prevención de enfermedades de Estados Unidos (CDC) a fecha de 22 de julio.

Declarar una emergencia global significa que el brote de viruela símica es un «evento extraordinario» que podría extenderse a más países y que requiere una respuesta internacional coordinada.

La OMS declaró previamente emergencias por crisis de salud pública como la pandemia de covid-19, el brote de ébola en África occidental de 2014, el zika en América Latina en 2016 y el esfuerzo en curso para erradicar la poliomielitis.

La declaración de emergencia sirve principalmente como un pedido para atraer más recursos globales y atención internacional a un brote. Los anuncios anteriores tuvieron un impacto mixto, dado que la agencia de salud de la ONU es en gran medida impotente para lograr que los países actúen de manera obligatoria.

Viruela del mono: la situación en Argentina

La semana pasada, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud señaló en una conferencia de prensa que la situación de la viruela símica en la región, si bien es moderada, “es preocupante”. Así lo indicó Carissa Etienne, directora de la OPS.

Atribuyeron el aumento de casos a eventos masivos y señalaron a los «hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres» como los más susceptibles. La funcionaria recomendó a los países «vacunar a los contactos estrechos de viruela símica», como una de las medidas para controlar la enfermedad.

Etienne dijo que los países de la región con más casos de viruela del mono eran Estados Unidos, Brasil y Perú. Los contagios en el continente representan el 14 por ciento de los registrados en el mundo.

Clarín consultó al Ministerio de Salud sobre la vacuna contra la viruela del mono. Fuentes cercanas a la oficina de Carla Vizzotti respondieron que se estaba haciendo «evaluación de riesgo-beneficio de tener disponibilidad de vacunas e impacto de protección».

«Es algo que se sigue evaluando pero está sujeto a tener mayor nivel de evidencia», explicaron.

Las fuentes del Ministerio agregaron que «la disponibilidad de las vacunas para esta enfermedad es pequeña y se usa para indicaciones muy específicas, como personal que trabaja en laboratorios en contacto con el virus o que viaja hacia lugares donde hay brotes como algunas partes de Africa».

Síntomas de la viruela del mono

«La viruela símica se transmite de una persona a otra por contacto cercano con lesiones, partículas respiratorias y materiales contaminados, como la ropa de cama o utensilios», explicó el Ministerio de Salud en un comunicado.

«En el actual brote en distintos países no endémicos, los cuadros clínicos son leves y la mayoría presenta –de la misma manera que los casos detectados hasta ahora en Argentina– lesiones en diferentes partes del cuerpo, incluyendo genitales o el área perigenital, lo que indica que la transmisión probablemente ocurra a través del contacto físico cercano (cara a cara, piel con piel, boca a boca y contacto sexual)», precisaron.

Los síntomas más frecuentes son fiebre, dolor de cabeza, muscular o de espalda, inflamación de ganglios y cansancio. Entre uno y cinco días posteriores se agrega erupción en la piel, que pasa por distintos estadios hasta formar una costra que luego se cae. Las personas infectadas contagian hasta que se hayan caído todas las costras.

«Los modos de transmisión durante las relaciones sexuales siguen siendo desconocidos. Si bien se sabe que el contacto físico cercano puede conducir a la transmisión, no está claro aún qué papel juegan los fluidos corporales sexuales, incluidos el semen y los fluidos vaginales. Las lesiones cutáneas y las llagas en la boca contienen virus infecciosos. Los fluidos corporales como pus o sangre de lesiones cutáneas son particularmente infecciosos», agrega la información oficial.​

Y concluye que «quienes presenten alguno de los síntomas descriptos deberán consultar de manera inmediata para ser evaluado por un profesional de la salud, utilizar barbijo adecuadamente colocado y evitar contactos estrechos con otras personas».

Fuente: Clarín.

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259 comentarios en «Viruela del mono: la OMS declara la emergencia sanitaria internacional por el brote»

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