HOY SE VOTA EN DIPUTADOS LA LEY DE LEMAS

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la Cámara de Diputados tratará el polémico proyecto para cambiar el sistema electoral de la provincia de San Luis para implementar la Ley de Lemas. Se trata de un sistema electoral muy cuestionado ya que puede conducir a que resulte electo el candidato de una lista, aquí llamada sublema, que no sea la que tenga más votos.

¿Cómo funciona?

Supongamos que el Partido Justicialista se presenta como un “lema” y tiene como “sublemas” Fuerza San Luis y Frente de Todos. Compite contra el lema Juntos por el Cambio, integrado por los sublemas Unidos por San Luis y la UCR. El lema partido Justicialista saca 100 votos, divididos en 60 para Fuerza San Luis y 40 para el Frente de Todos. Por su parte, el lema Junto por el Cambio obtiene 80 votos, a razón de 70 para el sublema Unidos por San Luis y 10 para la UCR.

En el ejemplo, gana la elección el lema partido Justicialista por ser el lema más votado y Fuerza San Luis porque es el sublema con más votos dentro del lema ganador. Por su parte, el sublema Unidos por San Luis fue el que más votos tuvo, pero pierde la elección porque su lema obtuvo menos votos.

Los fundamentos del proyecto

El proyecto comienza con un repaso de las leyes electorales que establecieron el régimen de elecciones primarias en 2011, las primarias, abiertas, simultáneas y obligatorias (PASO) en 2013 y, finalmente, la modificación de 2016, que creó las primarias, abiertas y simultáneas (PAS) no obligatorias.

El proyecto del Gobierno manifiesta, en pocas palabras y dándole la razón a los legisladores que en 2016 se opusieron, que las PAS no han servido para nada. “Su práctica, ha demostrado que sostener un sistema de primarias abiertas para la elección de cargos electivos, cuya característica es la falta de competencia interna partidaria, es decir, la falta de consenso en los partidos y frentes; puso de manifiesto que el sistema no ha servido a la finalidad con la que fue creada, esto es: que los partidos seleccionen a sus candidatos con la participación de toda la ciudadanía, con lo cual, tal sistema no logró los objetivos deseados”, dice el proyecto.

“Además, se ha advertido que las PAS no han resultado para todas las instituciones democráticas en cuanto imponen un piso mínimo proscriptivo, que funciona como un filtro, para participar en las elecciones generales de un mínimo total de votos del uno y medio por ciento (1,5%) de los votos válidamente emitidos”, continúa el proyecto, el cual también menciona la crisis económica que atraviesa el país, “agravada por la crisis epidemiológica vivida, como así también por el impacto global de los efectos ocasionados por los conflictos bélicos en las finanzas mundiales”, por lo cual resulta “oportuno aunar esfuerzos en pos de la eficiente administración de los recursos económicos estatales”.

En base a todo esto, el Gobierno dice buscar “un sistema electoral que se determine en pos de las mismas metas, logrando la participación ciudadana en una proporción considerablemente mayor”; destacando que esta mayor participación electoral se ha logrado en provincias como Santa Cruz, Formosa y Chubut gracias al sistema de lemas. El proyecto también destaca que la ley de lemas se aprobó recientemente en la provincia de San Juan, “demostrando la tendencia cada vez más generalizada de la adopción de los lemas como sistema”.

El articulado

El primer artículo deroga la ley vigente y su modificatoria, mientras que el segundo establece el sistema electoral de lemas para las categorías de gobernador, vicegobernador, senadores provinciales, diputados provinciales e intendentes comisionados. En su artículo 4, el proyecto establece que la constitución del lema se debe presentar en la Justicia Electoral “con no menos de 70 días de anticipación” a la elección, mientras que los sublemas se tendrán que presentar 65 días antes, según dice el artículo 5.

Otro artículo destacable es el 11, el cual propone el aspecto más cuestionado del sistema de lemas: “Cada elector sufragará por una fórmula indivisible de candidatos a los cargos, y resultará electo el SUBLEMA que, dentro del LEMA más votado, obtenga mayor cantidad de sufragios válidamente emitidos a su favor. Para la distribución de los cargos titulares de Diputados Provinciales, se aplicará el sistema D’Hondt, primero entre LEMAS a fin de determinar la cantidad de cargos que corresponden a cada uno de ellos, y luego entre los SUBLEMAS de cada Lema a fin de establecer a qué candidaturas pertenecen dichos cargos. Cumplidos dichos pasos, los cargos se distribuirán de manera tal que la efectiva composición de la cámara refleje los principios de alternancia en relación al género”.

El resto de los artículos habla de la oficialización de los lemas y sublemas, del diseño de las boletas de sufragio, de los plazos a cumplir, lugares de votación, que la campaña electoral comienza 30 días antes de los comicios y que el Poder Ejecutivo garantizará a todos los lemas los recursos para imprimir boletas “hasta un número equivalente a dos padrones”.

¿Cómo se espera que sea la votación?

Al igual que otros proyectos controversiales enviados por el Gobierno, se espera su aprobación gracias a la mayoría del oficialismo provincial en la Cámara de Diputados y sus aliados. “Es una iniciativa que le encuentro dos grandes ventajas. Primero lo que está pidiendo el electorado de no ir a votar cinco, seis veces al año con las erogaciones presupuestarias que eso significa. Segundo, creo que amplía claramente la posibilidad de participación de los que estamos en política. Es una forma de abrir el juego para los que estamos en política y para los que no, por supuesto. Es una buena oportunidad para que se empiecen a discutir ideas y no nombres”, consideró el legislador oficialista Federico Berardo. “Ante todos los comentarios de repudio que he visto, déjame decirte que en off en los pasillos de la Cámara, hay muchos diputados de la oposición que están bastante contentos y no es que me lo han manifestado exclusivamente a mí”, añadió el legislador oficialista Federico Berardo.

Por el lado de la oposición, Carlos Pereira, de Unidos por San Luis, adelantó que el bloque no va a apoyar el proyecto. “Es un fraude a la representación democrática, distorsiona la voluntad del ciudadano de San Luis, viola la voluntad del elector y tiene como consecuencia que una lista (o sublema) con menor representación política sea declamado ganador de la elección, por lo que altera el principio de mayorías y minorías que rige en el sistema republicano y democrático de Gobierno que guía nuestra Constitución”, manifestó Pereira, quien calificó al proyecto como “una decisión de Alberto Rodríguez Saá y los hijos del poder, que tiende a evitar una derrota en el año 2023, alterando las normas del juego electoral”.

Fuente: La Gaceta Digital.

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