SE REGISTRARON OLAS DE CALOR «SIN PRECEDENTES» Y UN INVIERNO MÁS FRÍO DE LO HABITUAL EN 2022
Los datos surgen del informe «El Clima en Argentina 2022» presentado por el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional en la 27° Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2022 (COP27).
El verano 2022 registró «olas de calor extremas y sin precedentes», en la Antártida «temperaturas más altas a lo normal», y en el otoño e invierno las condiciones fueron más frías que lo habitual, según el reporte preliminar publicado hoy por el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN), en el marco de la 27° Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2022 (COP27).
El informe provisional «El Clima en Argentina 2022» señaló que «en el verano 2021/2022 ocurrieron las tres primeras olas de calor de la temporada, con un evento sin precedentes que afectó a gran parte del país entre el 6 y el 26 de enero».
«Esta fue una de las olas de calor más extremas debido a su extensión (72 % del territorio nacional)» y duración (hasta 14 días) en los que «24 localidades batieron récords históricos de temperaturas extremas», agregó.
La temperatura más alta del año se registró en la localidad salteña de Rivadavia, el 1 de enero, con 46.5 °C, mientras que la ciudad de Mar del Plata también registró una marca inédita de 42.4 °C en la tarde del 14 de enero.
Dentro de lo intenso de la ola, también se destacó la alta frecuencia de días con más de 40 °C, que fue máxima en el norte argentino, donde se batieron récords históricos (19 días en Las Lomitas en Formosa y 18 días en Rivadavia).
Sin embargo, a partir de febrero, las temperaturas medias comenzaron a descender notoriamente y, a nivel país, se registraron cuatro meses consecutivos (de marzo a junio) con desvíos negativos.
Con respecto a la Antártida, el SMN indicó que la temperatura media «en lo que va del 2022 fue superior a lo normal en las 6 estaciones antárticas» y destacó que «durante el verano, las estaciones Belgrano II y Carlini alcanzaron sus máximos absolutos».
La mayor anomalía positiva de +3.3 °C correspondió a la base San Martín, con valores mensuales que superaron más de 6 °C en los meses de julio a septiembre.
Además, en el durante el otoño y el invierno se registraron «eventos de olas de frío intensas entre mayo y julio que afectaron parte del centro y el sur del país».
«El segundo episodio fue el más extenso e impactó a gran parte de la Patagonia, centro y sur de Buenos Aires y sur de Córdoba», y el «último, que fue más localizado sobre el sur patagónico, resultó ser de los más intensos y prolongados para la ciudad de El Calafate».
La temperatura más baja del año fue de -19.9 °C en la localidad de Maquinchao, en Río Negro, el 19 de Julio.
La ola de frío en la localidad de El Bolsón tuvo la máxima duración (seis días), con temperaturas que oscilaron entre -7.5 y 6.4 grados, mientras que en Esquel se observó el valor más bajo de temperatura de este evento (-10.3 el 26 de mayo).
Con respecto a las sequías, hasta septiembre, 2022 se posiciona en el puesto 18 de los años más secos desde 1961.
Este año, se reportó el segundo junio más seco desde 1961: 11 localidades del centro del país tuvieron récords de precipitación acumulada mínima.
Entre enero y febrero prevalecieron condiciones de sequía extrema en el norte del Litoral y desde mayo se experimenta una sequía moderada a severa en el centro del país.
La información del SMN fue publicada antes de su presentación el próximo jueves en la 27° Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2022 (COP27) en la ciudad balnearia de Sharm El Sheikh, en la costa del Mar Rojo, en Egipto.
Por otra parte, 2022 se ubica en el puesto 21 de los años más fríos de las últimas seis décadas en Argentina, a diferencia del resto del mundo que registra temperaturas cada vez más elevadas.
Luego de un 2021 extremadamente cálido, el quinto año de mayor temperatura de Argentina desde 1961, los primeros nueve meses de 2022 presentaron «una media levemente inferior a lo normal a nivel país», se indicó en el informe.
El período entre enero y septiembre se posiciona en el puesto 21 de los años más fríos desde 1961 para Argentina, situación contraria a lo que ocurre a nivel mundial con un aumento de temperatura de la superficie 0.86 °C por encima del promedio de 1901-2000, según el Reporte Global del Clima de la Oficina Nacional de Administración Oceánica y Atmosférica de los Estados Unidos (NOAA).
De acuerdo a los datos oficiales preliminares del SMN, en 2022 el desvío de la temperatura media a nivel país fue de -0.1 °C con respecto al período climatológico de referencia 1981-2010.
Este valor marca la singularidad de este año, ya que no se registraba una anomalía negativa desde el 2007.
El reporte también precisó que las variaciones del clima en la Argentina tienen relación con eventos que ocurren mucho más allá de su territorio, como el Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), un fenómeno natural caracterizado por la fluctuación de las temperaturas del océano en la parte central y oriental del Pacífico ecuatorial, asociada a cambios en la atmósfera.
El 2022 comenzó con una fase fría del fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación del Sur o La Niña, establecida a finales del 2021 y que se mantiene activa hasta la actualidad, lo que lo convierte en el tercer episodio consecutivo, hecho que ocurrió solo en dos ocasiones desde 1950.
Durante la fase La Niña se tienden a registrar precipitaciones por debajo de lo normal, por lo que este fenómeno pudo haber favorecido las lluvias deficitarias observadas, lo que agravó las condiciones en el área ya afectada por la sequía.
Por otro lado, el SMN relevó que los registros de gases de efecto invernadero, como el dióxido de carbono y el metano, muestran un incremento constante en el transcurso de los años.
Siguiendo la tendencia mundial, ambos gases aumentaron su concentración a lo largo del 2022, si bien los valores medidos por el SMN fueron menores a las concentraciones medias globales registradas por la NOAA que dan lugar al calentamiento del planeta.
En tanto, respecto al monitoreo de la capa de ozono, las mediciones de radiación ultravioleta resultaron muy cercanas al promedio histórico en Buenos Aires y Ushuaia, levemente superiores en Mendoza e inferiores en Marambio.
El reporte definitivo del SMN será publicado en marzo del 2023, y abarcará el período de enero a diciembre de 2022.
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