SOLO EL 14% DE LOS ESTUDIANTES EN SITUACIÓN DE POBREZA LOGRAN BUENOS DESEMPEÑOS

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En Argentina, el 40% de los estudiantes que logran llegar al último año de la secundaria están en situación de pobreza. Aunque el nivel socioeconómico bajo suele asociarse con bajos niveles de aprendizaje, hay un 14% de ellos que logran buenos desempeños. Los factores “protectores”: el nivel educativo de las madres, el acceso a libros en el hogar, no tener hijos y no trabajar.

El nivel socioeconómico de los estudiantes incide fuertemente en sus trayectorias escolares: los estudiantes pobres que alcanzan buenos niveles de aprendizaje son la excepción en el sistema educativo argentino. Entre los estudiantes del último año de secundaria en situación de pobreza, solo el 14% tiene buen desempeño en Aprender. En cambio, entre los estudiantes de mayor nivel socioeconómico, el 38% alcanza buen desempeño (es decir, nivel satisfactorio o avanzado en Lengua y en Matemática).

Los datos surgen del informe “Desempeño escolar y pobreza”, del Observatorio de Argentinos por la Educación, con autoría de Martín De Simone (Banco Mundial), Martín Nistal y Eugenia Orlicki (Observatorio de Argentinos por la Educación). A partir de los resultados de Aprender 2019 (que evaluó a los alumnos del último año de secundaria en Lengua y Matemática) y de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares, el informe se enfoca en los desempeños de los estudiantes en situación de pobreza, que representan el 40,4% del total. Las cifras se refieren al ámbito urbano.

En Argentina el nivel socioeconómico de las familias guarda estrecha relación con el desempeño escolar. El 33% de los estudiantes que habitan hogares de NSE bajo se ubican por debajo del nivel básico en Lengua; la cifra se reduce al 9% entre estudiantes de NSE alto. En Matemática, por su parte, el 64% de los estudiantes de hogares con NSE bajo se ubican por debajo del nivel básico, pero esta proporción se reduce al 24% entre estudiantes de NSE alto.

Sin embargo, hay estudiantes que pese a encontrarse en situación de pobreza llegan al último año del secundario y obtienen buenos resultados en las pruebas estandarizadas: son “resilientes”, en el sentido de que se sobreponen a las condiciones adversas de su entorno. Los datos sugieren que existen algunos “factores protectores” que les permiten a estos estudiantes lograr buenos desempeños escolares a pesar de sus condiciones de vida.

“Estos estudiantes resilientes son la excepción. Entender qué factores los ayudan a desempeñarse bien es fundamental para el diseño de políticas públicas que puedan mejorar no solo los niveles de acceso a la educación de los estudiantes en situación de pobreza, sino también el aprendizaje que adquieren una vez que están en la escuela. Esto es crucial dada la evidencia existente que muestra que el aprendizaje adquirido es un factor más importante que la mera asistencia a la hora de influenciar la trayectoria de vida de los estudiantes”, explica Martín De Simone, coautor del informe.

Uno de los factores “protectores” es el nivel educativo materno. Entre los estudiantes pobres con buen desempeño, el 35,5% tiene madres que alcanzaron el nivel secundario completo o más. En el caso de aquellos estudiantes con bajo desempeño, ese porcentaje se reduce al 27,2%.

Otro factor es la cantidad de libros en los hogares. Solo en el 8,3% de los hogares de los estudiantes con buen desempeño no hay libros, mientras que en el caso de los estudiantes con bajo desempeño ese porcentaje aumenta a 22%.

“Los niveles de educación alcanzados por los jóvenes y sus logros educativos están muy fuertemente condicionados por la situación socioeconómica de sus padres, especialmente el nivel educativo de la madre y la estructura familiar. Este reporte nos presenta un panorama sombrío con respecto a la transmisión intergeneracional de la pobreza a través de la educación. Pero también da una nota esperanzadora al señalar que, cuando el ambiente de aprendizaje en la escuela es positivo, aun jóvenes de familias vulnerables pueden tener mejor desempeño”, afirma Mariano Tommasi, director del Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Humano de la Universidad de San Andrés.

“El estudio sobre los resultados del Aprender 2019 da cuenta una vez más de los niveles de determinación social,  materializada en la condición de pobreza y vulnerabilidad de los estudiantes, en las trayectorias educativas y sus respectivos aprendizajes. No obstante, este estudio ilustra muy bien como  el clima educativo del hogar, por los niveles de instrucción familiar y los textos que circulan en sus respectivos hogares son factores significativos de influencia. Finalmente,  habría que identificar qué cuestiones relativas a las condiciones de escolarización, propio de la gramática escolar intervienen en dichos resultados, considerando que los mismos requieren de una lectura multicausal, donde el formato escolar y las relaciones pedagógicas tiene un papel singular”, indica Marcelo Krichesky, docente e Investigador UNSAM/ UNIPE.

“En el acuciante estado de la educación en Argentina, el informe apunta a debatir otros factores que puedan aportar a la mejora en los aprendizajes. Es sumamente importante incorporarlos al debate porque si no terminamos exigiendo a la escuela que además resuelva problemas generados por el deterioro de las condiciones de vida de la población en los últimos lustros”, señala Juan Graña, investigador del Centro de Estudios sobre Población, Empleo y Desarrollo (CEPED) de la UBA.

Entre las estudiantes con buen desempeño solo el 1,9% tiene hijos, mientras que este número asciende a 4,6% entre las estudiantes de bajo desempeño. Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los varones: el 1,6% de los estudiantes de buen desempeño y el 3,1% de los de bajo desempeño, tienen hijos.

Hay una mayor proporción de estudiantes con buen desempeño entre quienes no trabajan, tanto mujeres como varones. En el caso de los varones que tuvieron un buen desempeño, solo el 36,7% trabajó las dos últimas semanas, mientras que en el caso de los de bajo desempeño el porcentaje aumenta al 55,4%.

Las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre los aprendizajes muestran una relación marcada con los desempeños. Aquellos con buen desempeño sostienen que les es más fácil comprender y escribir un texto, exponer oralmente y resolver problemas.

También existen diferencias sobre sus perspectivas a futuro. El 69,2% de los estudiantes pobres con buen desempeño planea seguir estudios universitarios; la cifra desciende al 51,1% entre quienes tienen bajo desempeño. Solo el 15,5% de los estudiantes con buen desempeño planea seguir estudios terciarios y el 4,1% piensa solo trabajar cuando termine el secundario. Entre los estudiantes con bajo desempeño, estos porcentajes aumentan a 23,4% y 9,3% respectivamente.

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