Día Mundial de los Humedales: un ecosistema fundamental para preservar nuestra calidad de vida
La fecha fue instaurada en 1971, luego de la Convención Ramsar celebrada en Irán. En Argentina los humedales representan el 21,5% del territorio, conformando un recurso ecológico y productivo clave.
El 2 de febrero se conmemora el Día Mundial de los Humedales: la escasa repercusión mediática que tiene no se condice con la importancia fundamental que estos ecosistemas híbridos poseen en la preservación de la vida terrestre. La fecha conmemora el 51° aniversario de la Convención Ramsar, donde 18 países acordaron colaborar internacionalmente en la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales y sus recursos.
Argentina suscribió al tratado en 1992, y si bien existen políticas de preservación gran cantidad de humedales se perdieron en estos 30 años. El deterioro progresivo de estos ecosistemas en Argentina ya muestra sus consecuencias ambientales y pone en evidencia la necesidad de una nueva normativa para protegerlos.
¿Qué es un humedal?
Son superficies naturales híbridas, que se cubren de agua de forma temporal o permanente. Representan un 6% de la superficie terrestre y albergan una enorme biodiversidad. Asimismo, funcionan como barreras ambientales para detener el agua y retener sedimentos, contribuyendo a mitigar las inundaciones en ciudades y mejorar la calidad del agua.
Algunos de sus beneficios ambientales son:
- Suministran y purifican el agua dulce.
- Son un espacio de biodiversidad. Albergan a mamíferos, aves, reptiles, peces, insectos y otros seres vivos: en sus aguas viven más de 100.000 especies de agua dulce.
- Retienen los sedimentos y los nutrientes, mejorando la fertilidad de las llanuras inundables y las zonas cercanas.
- El valor económico de los servicios que generan es de $14 billones al año.
- Controlan las inundaciones.
- Son una gran fuente de alimento para el ser humano: proporcionan una parte muy importante de la pesca y el 30% del arroz que se consume en el mundo.
La situación de los humedales en Argentina
Actualmente ocupan 600.000 km2: 23 humedales nacionales están en la Lista Ramsar, que contiene y conserva los humedales de importancia internacional. De ese total, solo 8 están dentro de áreas protegidas por la Administración de Parques Nacionales.
En Argentina existen seis grandes regiones de humedales: Cuenca del Plata, Chaco, Pampas, Patagonia, Puna y Zona Costera Patagónica. El primero es la cuenca hídrica más grande de todo el país. Sin embargo, en los últimos años estos ecosistemas se vieron amenazados por su conversión a tierras de agricultura y pastoreo, los desvíos de agua, la contaminación ambiental, el avance de las inundaciones y los desarrollos inmobiliarios o turísticos.
En el Congreso presentaron 3 veces el proyecto de Ley de Humedales, aunque nunca obtuvo sanción completa. Hace poco más de un mes venció el plazo para sancionar una norma que proteja de manera efectiva estos ecosistemas, cuya existencia peligra por el avance irresponsable del hombre. A la larga, o no tanto, el precio a pagar será nuestra misma calidad de vida: nuestra preservación dependerá de como cuidemos estos recursos naturales tan valiosos.
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