Historia del Jazz I
La prehistoria: La africanización de la música occidental
Por Trinidad López
El jazz, un género de culto tanto en Argentina como en el mundo, ha tenido un largo recorrido y transformaciones a lo largo de su historia, pero sus orígenes, fusiones y los distintos aportes recibidos, son parte de un misterioso y oscuro nacimiento. Mixtura de culturas musicales y étnicas variada, esta música se encuentra emparentada al blues, al rigtime, al latín, y otros tantos estilos que han ido apareciendo desde el siglo XIX y que han transformado la música de nuestro tiempo.
En esta primera parte, ya que la temática es tan vasta que no cabría en un artículo, iremos recorriendo sus orígenes, allá por finales del siglo XIX, en un lugar particular: el sur de los EE.UU. Ese sur de la post guerra de secesión que dejó huellas indelebles en la historia y la cultura norteamericanas, y que ha llegado, en retazos, hasta nuestros días.
Ted Gioia, un incansable buceador en la historia de este género, escribe en el inicio de su historia del jazz: “Un anciano negro está sentado a horcajadas sobre un gran tambor cilíndrico. Empleando los dedos y el borde de la mano golpea repetidamente el extremo del tambor, que tiene unos treinta centímetros de diámetro y está hecho probablemente con una piel de animal: produce una palpitante pulsación mediante golpes rápidos y secos. Otro percusionista, con su instrumento entre las rodillas, se le une con idéntico staccato. Un tercer hombre de color, sentado en el suelo, puntea un instrumento de cuerda, a cuyo cuerpo se ha dado forma toscamente a partir de una calabaza. Otra calabaza se ha convertido en un tambor improvisado, y una mujer lo golpea con dos palillos cortos. Una voz canta, y enseguida se le unen otras. Este toma y daca musical es acompañado de una danza aparentemente contradictoria, un jeroglífico móvil que por un lado parece informal y espontáneo mientras que en un examen más atento revela un carácter ritual y preciso. Es un baile de enormes proporciones”, una imagen que alguien podría asociar con el África, pero no, es esa Nueva Orléans del siglo XIX, una ciudad cosmopolita, con un pasado pujante, que lentamente iba quedando atrás a medida que el estado nación avanzaba, y el centro de influencia económico miraba hacia el norte de los Estados Unidos.
Estas escenas, como la que describe Gioia, eran típicas de las danzas de esclavos antes de la abolición de la esclavitud, pero siguieron perdurando y ocupando el espacio público, derramándose desde la Congo Square (plaza Congo, actual Louis Armstrong Park), lugar donde se reunían las personas de color, al resto de plazas, bares, mercados y fiestas de las ciudades del sur americano.
Estás danzas, inicialmente de esclavos, fueron recogidas por numerosos testigos blancos de la época, y es el reflejo de una transformación que se va operando en relación a la introducción de la música africana en el nuevo mundo, incorporando matices y experiencias de distintos pueblos africanos que se encontraron, en américa, a partir de la experiencia común de la esclavitud.
Este tipo de danzas, conocidas como “Ring shout” fue documentada por diversos antropólogos que estudiaron las culturas africanas a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Poco a poco, estos estilos fueron incorporándose a la nueva sociedad, con sus características propias, perdiendo gradualmente su carácter ritual, pasando al ámbito del entretenimiento o la festividad popular.
Estas imágenes de Congo Square permanecieron e influenciaron a los primeros músicos de jazz, aunque muchos de ellos ni siquiera participaron de las mismas, porque para el momento del advenimiento de este género, las danzas populares ya eran sólo un recuerdo. el
renombrado clarinetista y saxofonista de Nueva Orleans Sidney Bechet en su autobiografía, Treat it Gentle escribió: “Cuando los esclavos se reunían los domingos, sus días libres, él (su abuelo) tocaba los tambores en la plaza Congo Square […] Él era un músico: nadie tenía que explicarle ni las notas, ni el sentimiento ni el ritmo. Todo eso ya estaba en él: de eso estaba seguro”.
El Jazz es hijo del sincretismo entre esa música y danzas africanas, y la posterior experiencia musical de los hijos y nietos de esos esclavos ya libertos. Una mixtura entre el mundo de la música europea, con sus reglas, notación y armonías, y música negra, con sus contrapuntos y espontaneidad. Así, surgida de la mezcla de distintas culturas europeas y africanas, el jazz comenzó a recorrer su propio camino, y su versatilidad lo hizo encontrarse incluso con la música latinoamericana como el mambo, la cumbia, el calipso o la salsa.
Esta capacidad africana de transformar la tradición compositiva europea y asimilar al mismo tiempo algunos de sus elementos es quizá la fuerza más notable y poderosa de la historia musical moderna. Son incontables los géneros musicales en los que hallamos las huellas de su influencia. Por citar sólo algunos, el gospel, el soul, el rap, las canciones de los minstrels, los musicales de Broadway, el ragtime, el jazz, el blues, el rhythm and blues, el rock, la samba, el reggae, la salsa, la cumbia, el calipso e incluso algunas músicas operísticas y sinfónicas contemporáneas.
En resumen, para concluir con esta primera mirada sobre la prehistoria del Jazz, sus inicios están vinculados a la utilización de instrumentos poco convencionales para hacer música, y se encontraron con tradiciones estilísticas tan diferentes que, su sincretismo, produjo una cantidad innumerable de géneros que fuero perfilando al jazz como género musical, pero también como una cultura, con sus propios encuentros y desencuentros. Esta primera nota es apenas el inicio, escueto, de un largo recorrido que ya tiene más de un siglo. Quedan todavía muchas historias por contar, y muchos músicos por conocer.
The author’s perspective on the subject is refreshing and adds a unique angle to the discussion.
Members Voluntary Liquidation
Kudos to the author for presenting complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. It makes the content easily digestible.
https://sprawdzenie-auta-po-vin.pl/
This is very interesting, You are a very skilled blogger. I have joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your wonderful post. Also, I have shared your web site in my social networks!
I’m curious to find out what blog system you’re utilizing? I’m having some small security issues with my latest site and I’d like to find something more risk-free. Do you have any recommendations?
Sassa Status
The comment section here reflects a community engaged in meaningful discussions. It’s great to see readers sharing their perspectives.
Well-researched and thoughtfully written. This post is a valuable resource for anyone interested.
Hi there I am so happy I found your site, I really found you by accident, while I was searching on Bing for something else, Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say thanks for a tremendous post and a all round exciting blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to look over it all at the moment but I have saved it and also added your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a great deal more, Please do keep up the fantastic work.
The real-world examples included in this post enhance its credibility and make it relatable to readers.
Listen To Smooth Jazz
Kudos to the author for presenting complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. It makes the content easily digestible.
The author’s passion is evident, creating a compelling narrative throughout the post.
Howdy! I just would like to give a huge thumbs up for the good info you have got here on this post. I will likely be coming back to your blog for extra soon.
This post sparks important conversations, encouraging readers to think critically about the topic.
I enjoyed the practical tips shared in this post. Implementing them will undoubtedly lead to positive results.
I just could not depart your website before suggesting that I really enjoyed the standard information a person provide for your visitors? Is going to be back often in order to check up on new posts
The comment section here reflects a community engaged in meaningful discussions. It’s great to see readers sharing their perspectives.
I found the links to additional resources at the end of the post very helpful for further exploration.
Can I just say what a relief to search out someone who actually knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You positively know learn how to bring an issue to light and make it important. Extra individuals need to learn this and understand this facet of the story. I cant imagine youre not more in style since you definitely have the gift.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if
you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically
tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this
for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this.
Please let me know if you run into anything.
I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new
updates.
Hmm it looks like your blog ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I submitted and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I too am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to everything. Do you have any helpful hints for first-time blog writers? I’d genuinely appreciate it.
I?m not sure where you are getting your information, but good topic. I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more. Thanks for magnificent information I was looking for this information for my mission.
bdk wheel covers
Great article. I will be going through many of these issues as well..
I just added this weblog to my google reader, great stuff. Can not get enough!
Thanks a lot for sharing this with all people you really recognise what you’re speaking about! Bookmarked. Kindly also visit my website =). We will have a hyperlink trade contract between us!
«Practical travel products for families»
Thank you for sharing indeed great looking !
A great post without any doubt.
I’ve been surfing online more than 3 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It?s pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the net will be a lot more useful than ever before.
I enjoyed the practical tips shared in this post. Implementing them will undoubtedly lead to positive results.
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
Thanks for this article. I’d also like to mention that it can often be hard while you are in school and starting out to create a long credit ranking. There are many pupils who are just simply trying to live and have an extended or beneficial credit history are often a difficult element to have.
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
You’re so interesting! I don’t believe I have read through something like that before. So nice to discover someone with unique thoughts on this subject matter. Really.. thanks for starting this up. This website is one thing that is needed on the web, someone with a bit of originality!
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Sign up now and get exclusive access to our premium content. Also get notifications of the latest articles directly to your email goal keeper
A great post without any doubt.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Your storytelling prowess is nothing short of extraordinary. Reading this article felt like embarking on an adventure of its own. The vivid descriptions and engaging narrative transported me, and I eagerly await to see where your next story takes us. Thank you for sharing your experiences in such a captivating manner.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
Thank you for sharing indeed great looking !
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
https://hjhjnb442.weeblysite.com/
Transfer vhs tapes
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
A great post without any doubt.
A great post without any doubt.
A great post without any doubt.
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
A great post without any doubt.
A great post without any doubt.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Thank you for sharing indeed great looking !
A great post without any doubt.
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
The information shared is of top quality which has to get appreciated at all levels. Well done…
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
A great post without any doubt.
A great post without any doubt.
I seriously love your website.. Great colors & theme. Did you make this site yourself? Please reply back as I’m hoping to create my own blog and want to know where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Kudos!
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
This website was… how do you say it? Relevant!! Finally I have found something that helped me. Many thanks!
Nice i really enjoyed reading your blogs. Keep on posting. Thanks
St Mary’s Church Ashby Folville, Leicestershire 1934 Whall designed the North Aisle window which was commissioned by the Smith-Carington family in reminiscence of their mom Elizabeth Prince Smith-Carington and their brother Neville Woodford Smith-Carington MP.
http://pinup2025.com/# пин ап казино официальный сайт